{"id":11614,"date":"2025-09-21T17:11:03","date_gmt":"2025-09-21T17:11:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/?page_id=11614"},"modified":"2026-08-12T10:02:14","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T10:02:14","slug":"piano-history","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/piano-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Piano History from Cristofori&#8217;s Fortepiano to Modern Piano"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Piano history begins at the start of the 18th century, in Florence, when the Italian <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bartolomeo_Cristofori\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bartolomeo Cristofori<\/a><\/strong> invents the <strong>fortepiano<\/strong>, ancestor of the modern piano.<\/p>\n<div class='code-block code-block-15' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>This Video Is a Game \u2014 Play to Learn How to Read Notes!<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"youtube-video\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/Ldt_3ZO0q2s?si=VDhutXuE3QsGhbq9\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<div style=\"height: 10px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/playlist?list=PLfwFLayAiGs0ME6Bgjx0aNQMbmjW3K3IC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Also available: Do Re Mi Fa Sol La Si\/Ti and A H C (German system)<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<hr \/><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_86 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">SHOW\/HIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #ff6600;color:#ff6600\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #ff6600;color:#ff6600\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/piano-history\/#The_Tympanon_a_Forgotten_Ancestor_in_Piano_History\" >The Tympanon, a Forgotten Ancestor in Piano History<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/piano-history\/#Cristoforis_Fortepiano\" >Cristofori&#8217;s Fortepiano<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/piano-history\/#From_Fortepiano_to_Modern_Piano\" >From Fortepiano to Modern Piano<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/piano-history\/#The_Modern_Piano\" >The Modern Piano<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/piano-history\/#Erard_Double_Escapement_Repetition_System\" >\u00c9rard Double Escapement (Repetition System)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/piano-history\/#Upright_Piano_History\" >Upright Piano History<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Tympanon_a_Forgotten_Ancestor_in_Piano_History\"><\/span>The Tympanon, a Forgotten Ancestor in Piano History<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Among the struck string instruments that preceded the piano, the <em>tympanon<\/em> occupies an often-neglected place. This instrument with a trapezoidal body produced its sounds by striking the strings with mallets, a mechanical principle that foreshadows that of the piano.<br \/>\n<div class='code-block code-block-7' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/digital-piano-acoustic-buy\/\">Digital, Hybrid, Acoustic: 60 Pianos to Buy - $500 to $250,000<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote><\/div>\n<br \/>\nImported from the East, it briefly established itself in Europe from the 17th century, particularly in French aristocratic circles. The German maker Pantaleon Hebenstreit developed an enlarged version, the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pantal%C3%A9on_(instrument)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u202fpantaleon\u202f<\/a><\/em>, which captivated Louis XIV himself.<\/p>\n<p>Despite this craze, the tympanon disappeared shortly after the Revolution, leaving few traces in the repertoire.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 28px;\"><strong>Learn to read piano notes EASILY and QUICKLY<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">Treble clef<\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11882\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11882\" style=\"width: 735px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11882 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/piano-treble-clef-right-hand-note-D-1024x576.webp\" alt=\"YouTube thumbnail: right hand piano keys and notes in treble clef, note D\" width=\"735\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/piano-treble-clef-right-hand-note-D-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/piano-treble-clef-right-hand-note-D-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/piano-treble-clef-right-hand-note-D-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/piano-treble-clef-right-hand-note-D.webp 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11882\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Learn to read piano keys and notes in treble clef (right hand)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 28px;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/playlist?list=PLfwFLayAiGs0driVmLk_smlLd0_WIsUha\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A B C D E F G Playlist <\/a> \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/playlist?list=PLfwFLayAiGs1e6BDvpA7dP97-EtlVvJMg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Do Re Mi Fa Sol La Si Playlist<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">Bass clef<\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11885\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11885\" style=\"width: 735px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11885 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/piano-bass-clef-left-hand-note-la-1024x576.webp\" alt=\"YouTube thumbnail: left hand piano keys and notes in bass clef, note La\" width=\"735\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/piano-bass-clef-left-hand-note-la-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/piano-bass-clef-left-hand-note-la-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/piano-bass-clef-left-hand-note-la-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/piano-bass-clef-left-hand-note-la.webp 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11885\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Learn to read piano keys and notes in bass clef (left hand)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 28px;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/playlist?list=PLfwFLayAiGs3W0FBXtS2PhKrucbnVZzZs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A B C D E F G Playlist <\/a> \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/playlist?list=PLfwFLayAiGs2m2M3NekboLfv8q_FAmL0b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Do Re Mi Fa Sol La Si Playlist<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cristoforis_Fortepiano\"><\/span>Cristofori&#8217;s Fortepiano<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Cristofori&#8217;s fundamental discovery marks the true beginning of the piano history. It solved a mechanical problem inherent to the instrument: the hammers must strike the strings <strong>without remaining in contact<\/strong> with them once the impact is produced, so as not to dampen the sound.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, they must return to their initial position without violently bouncing back, and do so quickly, to allow notes to be repeated at a satisfactory speed.<\/p>\n<div class=\"youtube-video\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/BCWXpfNFWyI?si=PchPZFJmPAvOF4KF\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<div style=\"height: 20px;\"><\/div>\n<p>Compared to the clavichord and through its refinement, the <em>fortepiano<\/em> would allow for dynamic nuances and sound much louder, with a longer note sustain.<\/p>\n<p>The manufacture of the <em>fortepiano<\/em> flourished at the end of the 18th century, with the work of the <strong>Viennese school<\/strong>. &#8220;Viennese&#8221; style pianos were made without a frame, with only a wooden brace, two strings per note, and leather-covered hammers.<\/p>\n<div class=\"youtube-video\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/2ef95BZfYcw?si=0P475ITx2rZ3DtTt\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\" style=\"font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;\">Introduction to Mozart&#8217;s fortepiano.<\/p>\n<p>Concertos and sonatas by <a href=\"https:\/\/happynote.com\/musique\/tag\/mozart\/\">Mozart<\/a> were written for instruments of this type. This instrument had a softer and clearer sound than modern pianos, and also allowed notes to be sustained longer.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"From_Fortepiano_to_Modern_Piano\"><\/span>From Fortepiano to Modern Piano<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>From <strong>1790 to 1890<\/strong>, the classical-era fortepiano underwent numerous changes that led it to its current form as the modern piano. This period of transformation marks a major step in the history of the piano, motivated by the permanent need of composers and pianists for a more powerful sound and greater expressive possibilities.<\/p>\n<p>It was made possible by the ongoing industrial revolution, which provided piano makers with technological processes allowing them to produce high-quality steel strings and greater machining precision for the production of cast-iron frames.<\/p>\n<div class=\"youtube-video\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/jM9O5K8Dd8o?si=WPmMTvnLfWKZbTY0\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\" style=\"font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;\"><em>F\u00fcr Elise<\/em>, played on a Fortepiano, was written in 1810 by Beethoven. More about <a href=\"https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/fur-elise-beethoven\/\"><em>F\u00fcr Elise<\/em><\/a> on grand piano.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 15px;\"><\/div>\n<p>During the first part of this period, the technological advances brought to the fortepiano owed much to the English firm <strong>Broadwood<\/strong>. It already had a great reputation for the powerful and majestic sound of its harpsichords.<\/p>\n<p>The firm, which sent its instruments to Haydn and Beethoven, was the first to build fortepianos with a range of <strong>more than 5 octaves<\/strong>. 5 and 1\/5 octaves in the 1790s, <strong>6 octaves<\/strong> in 1810 (which allowed <a href=\"https:\/\/happynote.com\/musique\/tag\/beethoven\/\">Beethoven<\/a> to use the added notes in his later works), and <strong>7 octaves<\/strong> in 1820.<\/p>\n<div class='code-block code-block-10' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Sound and Colored Notes \u2014 Start or Improve Your Music Reading!<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"youtube-video\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/oKf1357ljBE?si=gKdi9M_I7YPF_H-T\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/playlist?list=PLfwFLayAiGs0ME6Bgjx0aNQMbmjW3K3IC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andante \u2014 Moderato \u2014 Bass Clef \u2014 Do Re Mi... Si\/Ti \u2014 All Videos<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<hr \/><\/div>\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Modern_Piano\"><\/span>The Modern Piano<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>During the 1820s, the firms <strong>\u00c9rard<\/strong> (1780-1959) and <strong>Pleyel<\/strong> (Paris &#8211; 1807) developed the instrument and engaged in stimulating competition.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1193\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1193\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1193 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/happynote.com\/musique\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Piano-E\u0301rard-au-vernis-Martin-1835-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\u00c9rard piano history: an 1835 instrument with Martin varnish.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-wp-editing=\"1\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1193\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Erard firm played an important role in the history of the piano. Here, an \u00c9rard piano with Martin varnish, 1835, collection of the Ch\u00e2teau de Bizy. Photography: <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/User:Teofilo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Teofilo<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>It is known that <a href=\"https:\/\/happynote.com\/musique\/tag\/chopin\/\">Chopin<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/happynote.com\/musique\/tag\/liszt\/\">Liszt<\/a> used their pianos. The \u00c9rard firm certainly brought the most important innovations, especially from the point of view of the instrument&#8217;s mechanism.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Erard_Double_Escapement_Repetition_System\"><\/span>\u00c9rard Double Escapement (Repetition System)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>It was in <strong>1821<\/strong> that S\u00e9bastien \u00c9rard invented the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%C3%A9canique_de_r%C3%A9p%C3%A9tition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">repetition system<\/a><\/strong>, commonly and improperly called <em>double escapement<\/em>. Reserved for <a href=\"https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/digital-piano-acoustic-buy\/#Grand_Piano\">grand pianos<\/a>, this innovation, which allows a note to be replayed even if the key has not yet returned to its initial position, played a notable role in the history of the piano.<\/p>\n<div class=\"youtube-video\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/Gh9WX7TKfkI\" width=\"728\" height=\"435\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\" style=\"font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;\">Pianist <a href=\"https:\/\/happynote.com\/musique\/tag\/argerich\/\">Martha Argerich<\/a> performs D. Scarlatti&#8217;s Sonata in D minor K.141, particularly rich<br \/>\nin repeated notes, on a modern Steinway &amp; Son. You can listen to the same sonata played on a <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/1yyBP3t7g90\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">harpsichord<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 15px;\"><\/div>\n<p>Improved by <strong>Henri Herz<\/strong> around <strong>1840<\/strong>, the principle of double escapement is an important improvement in piano history. It eventually became the standard mechanism for grand pianos, used by all makers.<\/p>\n<p>Other important innovations were introduced during this period:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the use of <strong>three strings<\/strong> instead of two for all notes, except the lowest ones<\/li>\n<li>the <strong>metal frame<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>the <strong>crossing of the strings<\/strong>, with the bass strings passing over the white strings and resting on a separate bridge<\/li>\n<li><strong>felt-covered hammers<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>the <strong>tonal pedal<\/strong>, invented in 1844 by Jean Louis Boisselot and improved by the maker <a href=\"https:\/\/www.steinway.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Steinway<\/a> in 1874.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The modern grand piano reached its current form around the beginning of the 20th century.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Upright_Piano_History\"><\/span>Upright Piano History<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The upright piano was invented in the early 19th century to make the instrument more compact and suitable for domestic use.<\/p>\n<p>The first known vertical piano was created by <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Isaac_Hawkins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John Isaac Hawkins<\/a><\/strong> in London around <strong>1800<\/strong>. Early developments continued in Austria and Germany, with makers such as Matth\u00e4us M\u00fcller producing improved models.<\/p>\n<p>In <strong>1826<\/strong>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Wornum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert Wornum<\/a><\/strong> in England perfected the upright piano mechanism, making it more reliable and practical for home settings.<\/p>\n<p>By the mid-19th century, the upright piano had become the preferred household instrument, offering an affordable and space-saving alternative to the grand piano.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Piano history begins at the start of the 18th century, in Florence, when the Italian Bartolomeo Cristofori invents the fortepiano, ancestor of the modern piano. The Tympanon, a Forgotten Ancestor &hellip; <\/p>\n<div class='heateor_sss_sharing_container heateor_sss_vertical_sharing heateor_sss_bottom_sharing' style='width:44px;left: 90px;top: 350px;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;' data-heateor-sss-href='https:\/\/happynote.com\/music\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11614'><div class=\"heateor_sss_sharing_ul\"><a aria-label=\"Facebook\" class=\"heateor_sss_facebook\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fhappynote.com%2Fmusic%2Fwp-json%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fpages%2F11614\" title=\"Facebook\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:32px!important;box-shadow:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle\"><span class=\"heateor_sss_svg\" style=\"background-color:#0765FE;width:40px;height:40px;border-radius:999px;display:inline-block;opacity:1;float:left;font-size:32px;box-shadow:none;display:inline-block;font-size:16px;padding:0 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